Why can’t Americans agree on, well, nearly anything? Philosophy has some answers

Psychologist and law professor Dan Kahan and his collaborators have described two phenomena that affect the ways in which people form different beliefs from the same information.

The first is called “identity-protective cognition.” This describes how individuals are motivated to adopt the empirical beliefs of groups they identify with in order to signal that they belong.

The second is “cultural cognition”: people tend to say that a … [ Read more ]

Political Polarization’s Geographic Roots Run Deep

The divide between urban and rural voters is growing everywhere: from New York City to farm towns.

Our Culture of Contempt

A 2014 article in The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on “motive attribution asymmetry” — the assumption that your ideology is based in love, while your opponent’s is based in hate — suggests an answer. The researchers found that the average Republican and the average Democrat today suffer from a level of motive attribution asymmetry that is comparable with that of Palestinians and … [ Read more ]

Berkeley author George Lakoff says, ‘Don’t underestimate Trump’

[Lakoff] understands that the way to get at people’s political opinions is by talking about values, rather than specific arguments about specific issues. He believes conservatives are much better at this than liberals and have been for a very long time. They have a much better track record of crafting political appeals by way of the appropriate value statements for their audience.

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Lakoff’s core finding revolves … [ Read more ]

What Makes a Person: The Seven Layers of Identity in Literature and Life

In the variedly stimulating 1976 volume The Identities of Persons, philosopher Amelie Rorty considers the seven layers of personhood, rooted in literature but extensible to life.

Is Our Trade Deficit a Problem?

What is a trade deficit?
A trade deficit happens when a country’s imports of goods and services exceed its exports of goods and services. In other words, when a country buys more from the rest of the world than it sells, the country incurs a trade deficit. […] The size of the trade deficit is primarily determined by four macroeconomic forces:

  1. The difference between U.S. household

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More Money, More Problems: How Profit Hijacked U.S. Health Care

The cost of health care in the United States is spiraling upward while politicians continue to bicker over how to fix a broken system. Elisabeth Rosenthal has a sweeping view of the problem because she has seen it from all sides. Rosenthal is a Harvard Medical School graduate who practiced emergency medicine before becoming a journalist. She covered health care and other topics for The … [ Read more ]

The Lines That Divide America

Lines can bring fairness and order to what might otherwise be a free-for-all. There’s even a science, called queuing theory, that examines the optimal ways to make lines move equitably and efficiently. But they don’t always work that way; sometimes, they can operate to institutionalize unfairness and inequality. That’s why Arlie Russell Hochschild uses lines as a metaphor for the challenges facing contemporary American society … [ Read more ]

The Future World Order

Theories of international relations
Of the large range of theories that have emerged on how states get along with each other, or not as the case may be, I will draw, in simplified terms, on two leading schools today: liberalism and structural realism.

  1. Liberalism
    The basic notion in liberalism is that conflict tends to occur where states have diverging interests. Where these interests are non-trivial, sometimes such

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